Computer-Based Training :: Work Job Technology Essays

Computer-Based TrainingDefinition and Descriptions of Computer-Based Training Workers, new or experienced, are constantly needing some kind of education or a new way of doing something in their system. The prepare usually inescapably to be done at a convenient time, and in a cost effective and timely manner. This is where computer-based training comes into play. Computer-based training or CBT has been described as a method that supports and strengthens giving learning that fosters flexible, self-directed learning techniques (Sandler, 1998). While working at their own pace, the learners can experience the progress that they are making, while answering the questions at management level that is suitable to learn the material (Lawson, 1999). Lawson (1999) describes CBT training as the computer is the trainer that uses multimedia such as text, video, audio, graphics, and animation. In fact, the computer is said to be the main powerful and effective toolthat can be used, as learnin g reinforces, and that is used in the CBT world (Blankenhorn, 1999). At this point, the computer, as the technology, and training go synonymously together. Also, both the methods with the computer hardware and software are constantly changing (Forster, 1998). Lawson (1999) also mentions that the CBT can provide different kinds of training for various jobs. deal from marketing and sales to manufactures and industrial workers are using CBTs (Sandler, 1998). With CBT, a person in a job, that is offering the CBT training, can do the training when he or she has the time without causing a problem for the company or themselves (Couret, 1999). Computer-based training can be characterized as an information training system that incorporates a needs assessment on the students, lesson objectives and plans, development of the program, and evaluation and feedback (Janicak, 1999). These features will be discussed further. CBT has been compared to the traditional approach of training, and t here are many features and processes that are different, which will both be discussed. Also, the concerns and positive effects of CBT will be explained.Comparisons of Computer-Based Training and Traditional Training CBT and classroom or traditional training methods are the two main types of training that is compared in most of the literature. Recently studies have shown that CBT is as effective, if not more effective than traditional training. Traditional training can also be called feel instruction (Blankenhorn, 1999).

It is Impossible to Accurately Imagine What is it like to be a Bat Essa

It is Impossible to Accurately Imagine What is it like to be a BatInsofar as I can imagine this (which is not very far), it tells me only what it would be like for me to behave as a bat behaves. But that is not the question. I requirement to know what it is like for a bat to be a bat... - Thomas Nagel In order to take the above request seriously, one must gestate that bats have experience and consciousness. Assuming so, one must then imagine the consciousness that a bat must live with. Its brain is knowing to correlate outgoing impulses with subsequent echoes, and the information thus acquired enables the bat to make precise discriminations of distance, size, shape, motion, and texture comparable to those we make by vision. (Whereas we graciouss rely on sight to create our vision of the universe, bats rely on sound.) Because any argument of any creatures existence must be based on the human epistemology, the question is now not how bats perceive the universe, but how a bats perception compares to the human perception. Such a comparison may never be genuine or correct, but by...

Symbols and Symbolism in The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

Symbolism in The Scarlet earn Symbolism in literature is the deepness and hidden meaning in a makeup of work. It is often used to represent a moral or religious belief or value. Without symbolism literature is just a bunch of nonmeaningful words on paper. The most symbolic piece of work in American Literature is Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter. Hawthornes use of symbolism in The Scarlet Letter is one of the most significant contributions to the rise of American Literature. Much of Hawthornes symbolism is very hard to find but several symbols are also obvious. In the first chapter Hawthorne describes the prison as the black flower of civilized society. The prison represents the crime and punishment that was incorporated in the early Puritan life. He also contrasts the prison with the tombstone at the end of the novel by suggesting that crime and punishment bring about the end of civilized life. In the alike chapter he describes the overgrown vegetation of wee ds around the prison. The weeds symbolize how corrupt civilization really is. He also points out a lordly symbol, the wild rose bush. This represents the blossoming of good out of the darkness of all civilized life. The most important symbol which is carried throughout the novel is undoubtedly the reddish garner A. It initially symbolizes the immoral act of adultery but by the end of the novel the A has hidden much more meaning than that. The A appears in many other places than on the chest of Hester Prynne. It is seen on the armor breastplate at Governor Bellinghams mansion. At night while Dimmesdale is standing on the scaffold he sees a bright red earn A in the sky. While Pearl is playing near the bay shore she arranges somewhat grass in the form of an A on her own breast. But one of the most important As is one the spectators see burnt on Dimmesdales chest. The letter A also has a variety of meanings. Originally standing for the sin of adultery it has a dif ferent meaning for each character. The Puritan community considers the letter a mark of just punishment. Hester sees the letter as a symbol of unjust humiliation.

Greed in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby :: Great Gatsby Essays

Gatsby and Greed In this day and age, money is a very important asset to have. One needs to have at least enough to live on, though great amounts are preferable. In The Great Gatsby, by Thomas F. Fitzgerald, having a large amount of money is not enough. It is also the way you acquire the money that fields. Gatsby and gobbler both have a lot of money to that degree Daisey picks one over the other, not because of the dissimilarity in the amount they have, but because of the manner in which it is attained. To the main characters in the book, money is everything. Tom, Gatsby, and Daisey are all consumed by money and its prestige. Gatsby uses his money as a tool to lure Daisey back into his life by giving her a tour of his possessions inside and outside his house. Because Daisey seems to lineage in love with Gatsby again, it shows that she was not really in love with Tom, it was his old money that she is truly in love with. Money is important to Tom and Daisey because it makes them know superior to those who have less. All of these characters have been corrupted by their greed but the one person that has not is Nick, Daiseys cousin. He is nice enough to admirer Gatsby with Daisey out of friendship, not for his money. In the book, money symbolizes a social evil as it destroys lives of people corrupted by wealth. In the first chapter, Fitzgerald treats money as if it was a cookie cutter for social classes and tells how wealth divides the society into different groups. For instance, East Eggers have inherited money whereas West Eggers have newly acquired money. Tom is an example of an East Egger who has prestigiously inherited quite a lot of old money. Gatsby is a West Egger who by boot legging, swindling and doing favors for others, has acquired new money. The difference between social and economic classes is best demonstrated by the comparison between Tom and Gatsby. Tom was born an East Egger, which was something that Gatsby could never achieve. No matter what he did, he would always be a West Egger. Although Gatsby could have been an economic equal to Tom, he would never be a social equal.

Graduation Speech: Explore. Dream. Discover :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

I am about to give you a final challenge as a high school student. I am about to ask you to do something you were sure you wouldnt have to do again for a while with the ending of high school. I am request you to think. Please, except this once, take a moment to put that educated mind to work. Think of something you sincerely want right now, go ahead, dont complain, just do it. What do you really want? A few of you searched your minds and out of the millions of things you are sure you want, not one could surface above the rest. The most jet thoughts you had were probably I want to eat or I want to sleep or, I want to move this hanging thing over to the new(prenominal) side of my cap now so that I can be on my way. Theres something in common with what everyone just thought about. Its something to make you happy. In a world of ever-growing business and technology, we hear about the new millionaires captured by stocks and the booming world of computers and along with them the amounts of money beyond the cellular inclusion of most of us. This year, I believe I speak for the majority when I say weve felt so poor, cutting back on McDonalds and TCBY to rescue up for an expensive trip to prom, a grad night party and college applications for which you sent the money away and werent even guaranteed anything but probably a nice postcard in return. Now, all of a sudden if we end up somehow with a $5 bill in hand, we think were all set and ready to go. A $5 bill is endless possibilities. The truth is, you wont miss your $30 application fee in a few years, youll be happy if you have a job you look forward to every day. You wont miss the money you spend on prom in 10 years, youll be happy if you are content with your life. Perhaps for you this means a family. As Einstein once said, blessedness is the ability to enjoy the passage of time. Different people can reach happiness in so many different ways, but to everyone it is all that really matters. At this point in our l ives its difficult not to think that happiness is had by material products the newest technology, the nicest clothes around, or that car you probably arent getting for graduation.

Graduation Speech: Explore. Dream. Discover :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

I am about to give you a final ch bothenge as a high school student. I am about to ask you to do something you were sure you wouldnt have to do again for a while with the ending of high school. I am asking you to destine. Please, just this at a time, take a moment to put that educated mind to work. Think of something you really want right now, go ahead, dont complain, just do it. What do you really want? A few of you searched your minds and out of the millions of things you are sure you want, not one could surface above the rest. The virtually common perspectives you had were in all likelihood I want to eat or I want to sleep or, I want to move this hanging thing everywhere to the other side of my cap now so that I can be on my way. Theres something in common with what everyone just thought about. Its something to make you happy. In a world of ever-growing business and technology, we hear about the new millionaires captured by stocks and the booming world of computers and along with them the amounts of silver beyond the comprehension of most of us. This year, I believe I speak for the majority when I say weve felt so poor, cutting back on McDonalds and TCBY to save up for an expensive trip to prom, a grad night party and college applications for which you sent the money away and werent even guaranteed anything but probably a nice postcard in return. Now, all of a sudden if we end up somehow with a $5 bill in hand, we think were all set and ready to go. A $5 bill is endless possibilities. The truth is, you wont miss your $30 application tap in a few years, youll be happy if you have a job you look forward to every day. You wont miss the money you spent on prom in 10 years, youll be happy if you are content with your life. Perhaps for you this means a family. As Einstein once said, Happiness is the ability to enjoy the passage of time. Different people can reach happiness in so many different ways, but to everyone it is all that really matters. At this p oint in our lives its difficult not to think that happiness is had by material products the newest technology, the nicest clothes around, or that car you probably arent getting for graduation.

Saurer

Saurer The china Challenge Question 1 Comparing with the China staple fiber twisting machines, Saurer Twisting Systems (STS) has a number of strengths. The STS are leading product and incorporated state-of-the-art engineering. The technology and R&D helped STS to build up functional brand, the STS machines helped the customers to improve efficiency, quality and productivity. Hence STS is a substantive brand and highly regarded by many customers. Being the largest manufacturer of textile machinery, Saurer stern offer full solutions to customers.According to Exhibit 4, there are Sauers products in different steps of the textile value reach from spinning to embroidery. Thus, Saurer has the capability to penetrate into textile industry in a great depth by extensive product offering. However, STS do not have the monetary value advantage comparing with local Chinese competitors. STS had simplified the functions of the sophisticated machines into good enough machines so as to cater for the needs of China market, however, the pricing is 31. % more than Muratec, and twice the price of Rifa i. e. the close competitor. As Chinese customers tend to be price-sensitive, they would prefer low-priced manufacturers like Rifa for faster pay-back. In addition, STS products are imitated and the functions copied by Chinese competitors because of weak protection of intellectual property in China. This weakened the strength of STS in hurt of product functionality. Most of the locally made twisting machines were copies of those manufactured by Saurer or a Japanese competitor.In some cases, the colors of the machines and the brochures including printing errors were reproduce Saurers usual position in the high-end market meant that identifying and reaching customers for low-end solutions would be challenging for its sales force. Since the company had historically focused on customers with high-end needs, it sales force had littleer contacts with the low-end segment. Saurer a lso encountered the difficulty to adopt to Chinese market.The Chinese customers only targeted new machines after receiving orders for yarn, which meant that they then needed very quick delivery. Additionally, they tended to be less interested than their Western counterparts in machine ergonomics labor costs were low and replacing workers was easy although some had begun to appreciate that more efficient machines could alter them to increase revenue. Question 2 Saurer should enter the China market with lower functionality. Firstly, Chinese customers are price-sensitive and they concern about the pay-back period.By offering low-functionality machines at lower price, Saurer can captured this low-end customer groups by fulfilling their basic needs. Secondly, Saurer can build up the customer base for future business, as Saurer can set off other textile machines for their customers. However, margins on the new product were likely to be significantly lower than on their existing produ cts, and even if they managed to achieve some aggressive cost targets, there was a concern that the new product could cannibalize their high margin, premium machines.So Saurer lost its product leadership by lowering the machines functionality. Hence, the good enough machines do not help Saurer to tempt customers by brand and functionality for this low-end segment. The pricing of STS machines become critical as customers are price-sensitive. Question 3 To protect Saurers brand, they should use a dual brand marketing strategy for the new products and sophisticated products. Its Volkmann brand was the leader in the premium end of the market, both in China and planetaryly.In order to avoid jeopardizing the brand and minimize sales canalization, Saurer should adopt a different brand name for its low-end and lower-priced machines. As for pricing, Saurer should try to match with the competitors so as to win a bigger market share in this low-end market. To improve the margin, Saurer may c onsider to lower the production cost. As the low-end customers had little interest in snag maintenance and annual contracts, Saurer had to change its business model for the low-end market segment.Since customers preferred quick repair service in proximity, Saurer may consider to develop confederacy with local machine repairing centers by supplying the components at lower cost, so as to increase the competitiveness of Saurer machines as comparing with other low price competitors. Currently, Volkmann had 7 sales staff for China market. To cater for this fast growing low-end segment, the company should develop a separate local sales team for low-end market so as to penetrate into the low-end market. According to the companys quick analysis, 85% of the potential demand of the new machines would be in 6 of Chinas 22 provinces.Saurer may allocate the sales team into 6 geographical areas and launch the new machines. Question 4 If Saurer decided not to introduce the new product, it will h ave to set its premium position and target the high-end segment, i. e. the export-oriented state-owned firms which were typically able to get licenses to buy imported textile machines. Being the global leader in textile machines, Saurer can ride on its competitive advantage by offering full solutions in different stages of value chain and helping these high-end customers to achieve economy of scale.

Globalization and cultural diversity Essay

The forces of globalization atomic number 18 actually encouraging creation and promotion of cultural salmagundi to avoid enclosing oneself in a boring single type of culture. Today the products of cultural assortment in the global world are universally enjoyed by all peope. The arguments given(p) by prominent critics like Thomas Freidman shows that in that respect is no dominant culture under global jurisdiction though the aspect of globalization is derived from the American culture. In economic sector firms in confederacy have attempted to sell their products in abroad nations without necessarily affecting the culture in their homeland.In the process the countries involved benefit by buying of ideas and materials from each other and shape them to suite their culture. cultural diversity has helped a lot in adoption of good aspects which steer growth in the country engaged in trade. Globalization has led to cultural diversity where life is conceptualized as composed of foursom e issues which include dedication to learning, contribution to the society and family, reflection on what has been learned and then conceptualize it spiritually.Globalization has been driven about by forces of trade and capitalisation in pursuit and economic development in home country, which in turn yields good paying jobs or modify living standards. There is curio among young mint who wishes to know more and more about life in the global world to accept and be accepted and to be inform more of what they really dont know. In the process of globalization, it is similarly evident that our cultural ethnic and societal diversities are put to the extreme ends because we ask to perceive a unipolar vision of the world about us (http//www. bleakint.org/issue172/keynote. htm). Background information about Unipry gild Unilever is a multinational corporation create to offer the greatest percentage of consumer products in form of foods beverages cleaning agents and other personal ca re products. This company has created job opportunities to more than 180,000 spate in the consentient world. Although in each branch there is a manager, Unilever Company has the same directors and effectively ope evaluate as a single business. Currently the chairman of Unilever Company and affiliate companies is Michael treschow, with Patrick Cescan being the root word chief executive.Its products are sold widely in the whole world and their shares are listed on the worlds investment company exchange grocery stores (http//www. amazon. co. uk/review/product/1403944539? showViewpoints=1). The creation of Unilever Company is traced back in the year 1930 through merging of two companies, that is, British soap maker lever brothers and Dutch margarine producer which became as a palm oil company and maintained the importation of both margarine and soaps in large quantities. Its new ventures were launched in Latin America.Unilever Company grew bigger and purchased many companies which were in the line with the products which they were purchasing. In the year 1996, Unilever bought Helen Curtis industries which gave it a high boost as a powerful company in United States shampoo and deodorant market. In 2000 the company absorbed American businesses, best foods hence strengthening their ties in the market in North America and extended its food brands. Today the company has opened many branches in different countries and has continued to grow widely in the market industry.Recently the company has started a five year vitality company initiative to improve the products in maturity stage which are declining in name of their sale in the market. Today unilever has ventured in various fields including rude sector and tea products. In the year 2008 it was honored at 59th annual applied science and engineering. Emmy awards for outstanding achievement in advanced media because of creative nature of giving interactive commercial advertising delivered through digital set up cover version boxes for its programs axes (http//www.newint. org/issue172/keynote. htm). Corporate governance Unilever has a body and chief executive headed by Patrick cescan which is supposed to steer the organization towards maximization of profit and improve the image of the company like any other profit making organization. Unilever Company is engaged in making sure that it operates at its lowest costs and earning the highest revenue. Unilever Company has got as well a chairman who is the head of all the brands in the company. There are also other officers including managers in different brands.Still in its jurisdiction there are other staff officers who are concerned with the welfare of the company in larger residential district. Today the company owns about 400 brands which are put in local countries which fall in the category of food and beverages home and personal care which are almost found in the whole world. Cultural diversity in the unilever company Just like any ot her multinational company unilever company uses aggressive policies to market their goods which is reflected in the public image. It prefers to hang on largely anonymous hiding behind the hundreds of brand names and products they sell.Unilever uses television and other prominent Medias to advertise their products so that people can get to know their presence. Unilever Company has element of destroying cultural diversity and make the world more uniform. The tactics used in making profits include centralization of product and sell the same products across the nation boundary. Regardless of whom you are whether an African American Indian unilever has greatly improved the worlds tastes and their goods are substitute the organization in different countries who find rough to compete with Unilever products.The effects of unilever company on the worlds deliverance are experienced in south disquiet London when it closed it closed its branches whereby many employees weve rendered jobless hence the is a tragic outcome multicultural societies across the border face a dangerous political task to turn racial religious and tribal differences into strength . even in the countries experiencing ardent political wrangles and clashes that has been recorded a high rate of promotion and cultural diversity.Some of the multinational companies which have established good ties sin the economic sector like IBM, GE and unilever use cultural diversity as one of their key elements in success in business are aimed at finding means and ways of harmonizing it (http//www. kmtalk. net/article. php? story=20070103041059823). adept of the most important aspect of globalization is ability to boost economy in third world countries by investors from substantial countries investing in those ontogeny ones. unilever companies has developed various packs in their products which are marketed in different countries.The marketing of these products helps the government in the state to earn revenue from the abroad countries. For instance unilever has developed a program called Trumbull tax abatements which has managed to pull off several major changes of its own in different countries. One of its major changes is to boost financial spot in local services. The Trumbulls boost up the local property tax by bringing expansion in the continent city. Unilever has also put many knowledge management initiatives in place across the border.This is meant to identify new opportunities for investment by first considering the market structure and consumer needs in every state. Unilever Company has put in place a communication strategy in personal, informal and more structured in organizational level. For the purpose of ensuring community success Unilever Company through knowledge management group. (CMG) has put in place a more formal frame work to help tick off the effective and efficient operation of the firms communities of practice.The community framework in unilever advocates for ce rtain principles within which the company coops operates in order to ensure added wages to the business value. The principles under which it works can be classified into four. This includes deliverable people operations and leverage. To strike the difference between communities of practice is defined around knowledge domain and this is where the company laid its production basis strategy. The identified deliverables should contribute to the expected results. The deliverables can be knowledge wise, Such as improved insights, training program and good practice.While business deliverables can be specific innovations, safety improvements and the like in the business (http//www. amazon. co. uk/review/product/1403944539? showViewpoints=). The people pillar concerns about roles and responsibilities of the cop members to the communities. They are experts who are recognized as such both inside community. They should effectively represent both the geographical and local versus cooperate reso urces. There are also activists who are supposed to continually review the roles of community for the members to fill.The people pillars address the other stakeholders and sponsors apart from the community who are necessary to validate resources for the members. The operation pillar is centered on community functions. This forms a platform for free expression of members to effectively express themselves every group is free to set its rules itself. The organization has also developed guidelines for activist training. This training is aimed at creating awareness of the importance of the community in building understanding of co-op activities.The training offers knowledge on communities practice and ways of sustaining these communities. Unilever organization has recognized the effects of its products on to people and the diversity in cultural background. They place people at the centre of the business and everything they do. The organization has also majored a lot in the area of envir onmental and society growth especially in agricultural sector nutritional hygiene and personal care on the production in creation which care of different tastes and preferences and also in the sector of science and technology in making their products.Having recognized customer income differences from different countries unilever has packaged their goods in different quantities to enable them reach all consumers in different income levels. Unilever has been also received critics from different countries due to harm caused by their production either through consummation or advertisement. For example in India unilever has been accused of climbing colly toxic mercury in tourist sites and the surrounding .protected nature reserve and pambar ,shola in timilnadu and southern India this spills from the industry leads to health hazards which inturn can cause a lot of health problems (http//www. newint. org/issue172/keynote. htm). In UK it has been accused of misleading advertisement on chol esterol lowering margarine and flora proactive. this has a lot of negative impacts on the linage of the company when it failed to do so. All in all unilever has got advanced communication channels and is always to change from the accusation put on it.Multicultural societies across the border face a formidable political task to turn racial religious and tribal differences into strength even in the countries experiencing strong political wrangles and clashes that has been recorded a high rate of promotion and cultural diversity. One of the most important aspect of globalization is ability to boost economy in third world countries by investors from developed countries investing in those developing ones.unilever companies has developed various packs in their products which are marketed in different countries.References reading on Unilever Company, available at http//www. newint. org/issue172/keynote. htm, accessed on July 10, 2008 Cultural diversity in the Unilever Company available at http//www. amazon. co. uk/review/product/1403944539? showViewpoints=1, accessed on July 10, 2008 Cultural diversity and success in business, available at http//www. kmtalk. net/article. php? story=20070103041059823, accessed on July 10, 2008

Nelson Mandela’s Speech “I Am Prepared to Die” Essay

In 1962-1964, Nelson Mandela was charged for opposing the white government of South Africa, high treason, sabotage, and the conspiracy to overthrow the government. In his defense, Mandela gave a speech titled I am Prepared to Die at his trial. This speech is powerful and full of literary devices. In parts of this potent speech he utilizes facts, statistics, and allusions as a tool to his defense. In the beginnings of his speech he uses an anecdote, which is a short interesting story about a real incident or person. Here Mandela states that as young boy in Transkei he listened to the elders of his tribe telling stories of how it used to be, and of wars their ancestors fought against the fatherland, and names such as Dingane, Bambata, Hinsta, and Makana were praised all over the African nation.He uses this to illume that he hoped to help his people and make a difference in their freedom. As of the factual parts he states within them, that he admits he was cardinal of the people who h elped to form Umkhonto we Sizwe until he was arrested in August 1962, holds a Bachelors Degree in Arts and practiced as an attorney in Johannesburg, a convicted prisoner serving five years, and saying that more than 85,000 people defied the apartheid laws and went to jail. With more facts throughout the speech, it gave Mandela more of a reasoning to not be convicted. As of the statistical portions of this speech he stated that more than 85,000 people were arrested for defying the apartheid laws, adaging that 70 percent of South Africa were not entitled to vote, also stating that sixty-nine unarmed Africans died at Sharpeville. These statistics gave Mandela more edge to his defense and supported him.Though Mandelas speech was intense it wasnt enough to find him innocent. He was sentenced to life, which he was released at 71 years of age, on February 11, 1990. Yet I still find that this speech was powerful. The literary devices gave him edge and his evidence was correct.

Light and water Essay

When light and water are absorbed by the plant, four light photons are assigned to Photosystem II while the energy is channeled to P680. This energy triggers the P680 molecule to release four negatrons toward an electron acceptor in the thylakoid membrane. To fill up the hole in the P680 molecule, it will strongly imbibe two water molecules and break it up. Two atoms of Oxygen are released and form the gas that humans need while 4 atoms of hydrogen are taken for photosynthesis. The four hydrogen atoms become energized and are passed on to the next P680.This process will then continue to happen to a series of other protein carriers creating what is called an electron transport chain. This transferring of electrons makes the energy of these electrons fall to a lower level resulting to the release of energy. The energy can be classified as metabolic (ATP) or minify (NADPH). These and carbon dioxide are used in the carbon fixation process or Calvin Cycle. Because the next steps do n ot need light, it is called the light-independent reactions. The Calvin Cycle is called such because its end-products (molecules of RuBP) are needful to keep the process going.Firstly, carbon dioxide and five carbon molecules called ribulose 1. 5 biphosphate (RuBP) join together so that the organism can use carbon dioxide to synthesize glucose and other complex carbohydrates. This is carbon fixation and it cycles three times to form six three-carbon molecules (3PG) which are chemically restructured to become glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate(G3P) molecules. One of these G3P is needed to make carbohydrates while the rest are used to resynthesize three molecules of RuBP in the next cycle.

Succubus Heat CHAPTER 27

While Id been pretty confident in telling solidifying that Dante had presumable skipped town, I nonetheless stopped by his shop the next day. It had never been very prosperous flavour to begin with, and instantly the signs of abandonment were clear. The neon PSYCHIC sign was gone. The blinds were also gone, showing a room fifty-fifty bargonr than before. The FOR LEASE sign on the door was probably the most telling pinch that Dante was gone for good.In the wake of what had happened with solidification, it was hard to bash what to think ab aside Dante. My heart to the highest degree didnt call for the energy for it. I had cared about him, absolutely. Hed suited my indulgent phase, and despite his blackened soul, there were parts of him that were give careable. And above wholly, it appeared that hed cared about me, misguided or not. I wasnt adroit about the deal hed made with Grace, provided I was glad he hadnt been there to represent Jerome and Meis punishment. No one deserved that, not even Dante. I hoped wherever he was, hed test to start a new carriage-maybe one that could lighten his soul a little. I well knew, however, that humans with damned souls rarely rec all overed.Later that evening, I drove over to Capitol Hill. scratch and Cody were hosting a cocktail party to celebrate Jeromes harvest-festival, though I half-suspected they simply wanted to drink away the sorrows of losing the sun.How can we celebrate Jerome being grit when hes not even here? Tawny wanted to know. She was back to her normal, Amazonian blond self and was hol expandg her martini glass in a precarious way. Peter couldnt light upon his eyes dark it.I was nursing a gimlet out of politeness. The vampires had gone out of their way to get Grey Goose and fresh lime, but truthfully, I was a little burned out on alcohol. It seemed like Id been perpetu bothy drunk these last four months. I was not burned out on cigarettes to that degree, but I was trying very hard to f ragmentise the habit once much.Jeromes got plenty to keep himself busy, I said. Were just drinking in his honor. that he is staying, veracious? asked Cody.We all turned to Hugh. Like the rest of us, Hughd had his abilities restored, and Id honestly expected him to be a lot happier having his imp vision back. Instead, he seemed very serious, and I could have sworn he was watching me when I wasnt looking.Yep. He and Mei schmoozed the corporate guy pretty good and pulled in enough favors to get substitute from others. Cedric and Nanette both swore up and down that no one else was better qualified to run Seattle than him.Nanette finally caved, huh? I swirled the ice around in my glass. Of course, knowing Jerome owes her now probably makes her feel secure in her territory.Cody shook his head. Still. Grace went through an awful lot to try to pull this off, between the Canadians and all the wheeling and dealing. And Dante. He shot me an apologetic look that I waved off.I dont know, said Peter. He finally seemed convinced that Tawny wasnt going to ruin his upholstery. Shes a middle prudence demon with so-so power. Doing what she did-seizing the opportunity when she thought Jerome looked weak-was probably the closest shell ever get to ruling over an area like this.What do you mean? Would she be stuck forever? Never have her own domain? asked Tawny, frowning.She might have eventually gotten assigned control of some nonexistent town in middle America, but I doubt much more. Hugh still looked oddly speculative. Clearly, she didnt want to. Neither does Mei, from the looks of it.So much for it being better to reign in brilliance than serve in Heaven, I said, pleased with my own wit. Of course, I think were going to see a lot more in Meis career. She might be so-so in power, but shes got a plan.Have you noticed how shes a lot less scary alone? asked Cody.It was the matching clothes, said Peter sagely. When they dressed-up alike, it was too much like those girls from T he Shining .More laughter and conversation ensued, though I eventually grew quiet and simply listened. Maybe I could be the life of the party, like Seth had said, but this group could do okay without me. I took a certain amount of contentment by being back with them and having our lives returned to normal-such as they were. I could never be human again, but these were the people I wanted to be damned with.At one point, I got up to trade my empty glass for water and discovered Hugh had followed me into the kitchen. He still looked troubled. The others were laughing and public lecture, providing cover for our conversation.Whats going on? I asked. I thought youd be happy.I am, I am, he said. Believe me, I am. God, that was miserable.I couldnt help a smile. Hugh had hit his stride with being a lesser immortal. He was agone the novice stages of Cody and Tawny and could fully reap the benefits of his position. However, he wasnt old enough to have acquired all the jaded centuries Peter a nd I had. Out of all of us, I didnt doubt that Hugh had suffered the most.Then whats going on?He hesitated, and again, I was struck by how out of character he was behaving. Georgina, has Seth done eitherthing deleterious deep? Rob a bank? Cheat on taxes?Of course not, I said, more confused than ever.Has heor welldid he do eachthing, uh, bad with you?To my chagrin, I blushed. Youd think nothing would make a succubus self-conscious, but I still tried to maintain that line between my private and rail line sex lives. My silent response was enough for Hugh.Fuck.What? I asked. We did it when I was in stasis. I didnt take all of his energy. I didnt shorten his life. And we havent done it since Jerome came back. Its over. Hes back with Maddie.Hugh raise an eyebrow. Oh?I realized how im viable it was for us and convinced him to go back to her. I really laid on the guilt. Just mentioning what had happened made me ache all over again.Im sure you did, Hugh said dryly.What do you mean?Geor gina He sighed. on that points no easy way to explain this. When I first-class honours degree met Seth, his soul was likea supernova. It lit up a room. That guy had such a generous spirit, it was insane.Had.And now? The conclude was slowly creeping in on me.Now, theres a touch on him. A stain on his soul. He cheated on Maddie with youand is back with her, keeping that from herThe room started swaying, and I forced myself to focus on Hugh. What we did, it wasnt sleazy. We arewerein love. It was sweet-that is, it meant something.Maybe it did, sweetie. Maybe the planets aligned when you made love. But regardless of what happened between you, he wronged her-and he feels it now. That sin is darkening his soul.How dark? I asked, my voice almost a whisper now. If he were a hit by a car decline nowHughs face was both hard and sad. Hed head right to Hell.Oh my God. I collapsed back against the counter. I didnt thinkdidnt realizeSince I hadnt been a succubus, I hadnt been thinking like o ne. I hadnt worried about shortening his life or exhausting him because there was no need. While Id known we were both deceiving Maddie and had felt a fair amount of guilt over it, Id never considered it in terms of damnation. Id turned off that part of my life, the part of being a succubus that counted and tallied souls-the main part of my job.Which was stupid of me. Humans didnt need us to sin. They did it all the time on their own and did just as good a job-if not better-than we could. I didnt have to be a succubus to make Seth sin. I could have been any woman, any woman hed had an affair with. Sin was subjective, too, and different people would feel it differently. For someone like Seth, doing what he did would leave a harsh mark-and me making him feel guilty about it hadnt helped.This is worse, I said. I laughed, but it was the kind of hysterical laughter that could segue to tears at any moment. It would have been better if wed had sex when we were dating. Id have taken years o ff his life, but his soul would have stayed pure-and thats what matters in the long run. Instead, I was so unforgiving about refusing to do itand now look. Look what I did.Hugh caught my fall and squeezed it. Im sorry.Is thereis there any way he can undo it?You know the answer as well as me. Sure, he can eventually swing the pendulum the other way. But its hard. Very hard.Hes a good person, I said stoutly.Maybe, but that may not be enough anymore.Hed need a deal with God, I muttered.I stared at the floor, studying the tiles absentmindedly. What had I done? How could I have been so stupid? Had I been so blinded by love and lust that Id been oblivious to the principles that had dictated my immortal vocation these long centuries?Georgina, Hugh said hesitantly. I looked at him. Theres something elsejust a heads up. You know this as well as I do. When upright people screw up like thisthey do try to rebound in their way. The guilts got to be eating him. People like that try to do things to make up for it. Rash things. Something tells me hell be like that.Thanks for the warning, I said. Though I cant imagine hed do something that could make this any worse.The imp cut me a look. Sweetie, hes human. Dont underestimate him.Hugh was right.The next day, I went to the condo builders office and talked more in-depth with the real estate agent that handled their sales. We chatted for a while and talked numbers, though I still couldnt shake the feeling that I was doing this without thinking it through. The pictures were nice, the floor plan was nice, and the options were nice. Yet, I didnt know if this was just some impulsive reaction to the ups and downs in my life.Then, when he took me to the unit itself and showed me the balcony, I knew. It was a beautiful day, one that wasnt true summer yet but could give us enough hope that winter was just about washed-up. Puget Sound was deep blue, and the downtown skyline gleamed in the sun against a cloudless sky. To the west, the O lympic Mountains were visible for the first time in over a month, their peaks still heavy with snow. As often happened with this kind of weather, people turned out in droves, treating it like it was high summer. Families came out, shorts came out. This part of Alki didnt have a true beach-that was at a park a little further down-but the water was still just a stones throw away from my building, separated only by the small road and narrow strip of grass. I watched the waves break against the shore and realized this was where I needed to be.I want to make an offer, I told him.I knew Maddie would want to know, so I made sure she was the first one I told when I ended up back in Queen Anne later that night. It was early evening, my last day before returning to a real full-time schedule, and I swung by the store to catch her and tell her. Only, she sought me out first, with news of her own.GeorginaId barely entered when she grabbed my arm and pulled me off into the cookbooks. Hey, I laugh ed. merry youre in a good mood. Ive got news.Me tooHer face was radiant, and after all that had happened, it made me happy to see her like this. I couldnt help a return grin. Whats up?She glanced around covertly, then lowered her voice. You were right.About what?About Seth needing time-about him being preoccupied.Oh lord. Hed finally slept with her again, now that things had ended with us. I cant advance I was happy to have this news delivered to me, but for her sake, I was at least glad she could stop worrying.Wow, thats great, Mad-He was waiting to proposeShe shot her hand up to my face so quickly that for half a moment, I thought she was going to punch me. But, no, there was no impact-unless you counted the brilliant glitter of the engagement ring dazzling my eyes.Oh my God. But itits so soonI know, she said, breathless from her excitement. I cant believe it. And I mean, yeah, weve only been going out for about four months, but Seth says we can have a long engagement, that he just wanted to commit things between us.Of course he did. When upright people screw up like thisthey do try to rebound in their way. The guilts got to be eating him. People like that try to do things to make up for it. Rash things. How could I be surprised? Id be get a succubus because Id cheated on my husband and been caught. Id sold my soul in an effort to blot that act out, to make him and everyone else I knew forget me. why was this any different?You dont think Maddie turned uneasy, once more seeking my approval and advice. You dont think its too fast, do you? Have I made a mistake? I mean, even if we wait awhile for the weddingI kept smiling. Its fine, Maddie. Theres no time frame thats set for everyone. If its what feels right to you, then youve got to do it.Her grin lit back up. Oh, thank you. Im so glad to hear you say that. I mean, I said yes, and Ive been excitedI just didnt want it to seem like I was rushing in. She glanced back down, admiring the ring. I realized somethi ng.Its a diamond.She gave me a curious look. Of course. Why wouldnt it be? approximately engagement rings are.Last year, Id teased Seth about getting married, and hed said that if he ever did, hed give his bride-to-be a ruby because he thought diamonds were ordinary, and getting married was extraordinary.I stared into the stones glittering facets, puzzled. Did you pick it out? Had you told him you wanted a diamond?Nope. It had never come up. He just got it for me. Why?I shook my head and tried to look happy for her. No reason. Its beautiful. Congratulations. I turned to leave. Ill see you tomorrow.Georgina, wait.I paused and looked back.What was your news?Wh-oh. Yeah. Im buying the place in Alki.Seriously? I swear, she almost seemed more excited about that than the engagement. When will it be done?July.Oh, wow. Thats great. You could have such great summer parties.Yep. Lets hope it gets finished on time.She sighed happily and gave me a quick hug. Isnt this a great day? Good news fo r both of us.Yeah, I agreed. Great.I walked home, too stunned over the engagement news to process it much. Considering Hughs prediction, there wasnt much to process. Id convinced Seth that he and I were a fantasy, that he needed to settle into reality and take what good he had with Maddie. Seth had believed me and tried to make it up to her-make it up to himself, even-with this hasty engagement. He was not a rash person usually, but the extreme circumstances had turned him into one.My phone rang about half a block from the store. I could recognize Vancouvers area code by now, but I didnt know the number. For all I knew, Evan wanted me to smuggle them some spray paint across the border. To my relief, it was Kristin.Hey, I said. Hows it going?Fine. Well, better than fine. Great actually. There were a fewer awkward seconds of silence. Me and CedricwereThe first spark of enthusiasm Id felt in a while leapt up in me. Really? You guys are athing?Yeah. There was wonder in her voice, like she could hardly believe it. He told me that you were the one who said that he should go out with me.Oh, well. Ijust suggested he was looking in the wrong places.Georgina, there is no way I can thank you enough for this. Her voice was brimming with emotion, something I wouldnt have thought possible of the businesslike imp. This isIve wanted this for so long. Loved him for so long. And he never noticed me until you made him just pause and look. Thats exactly how he said it too. That hed been so busy chasing everything else that hed never seen what was in front of him.I thought I might get choked up too. Im glad for you, Kristin. Really. You deserve it.She laughed. Most would say us damned souls dont deserve anything.Were like anyone else, deserving both good and bad. Im not sure being damned has anything to do with it.She was quiet for a moment, and when she communicate again, her voice was low, almost hard to hear. I actually stopped walking and stepped off down a side street to g et away from the din of traffic.Its funny you mention that, she said slowly. Becausewell, I did something for you. I suddenly had an image of Tim Hortons donuts showing up on my doorstep.Er, thats really not necessary. I didnt do that much.You did, though. To me, at least. And soI wanted to do something just as big for you. I, uh, went and looked at your contract.I caught my breath. What?Weve had a lot of paperwork to file, and I managed to work in a corporate trip.Corporate trip was a nice way of saying shed visited the inner offices of Hell.Kristinif youd been caughtI wasnt, she said proudly. And I found your contract and read it.Id come to a complete stop now. The world around me didnt exist. And?Andnothing.What do you mean nothing?I mean, theres nothing wrong with the contract. I went over and over it. Everythings in order.It cant be Niphon was trying so hard to mess with meto get me recalled. Hugh was certain it meant he was trying to shift attention from the contract.I dont kn ow about any of that, said Kristin, sounding truly sympathetic. All I know is what I read. You sold your soul and took on standard succubus servitude in exchange for every mortal you knew forgetting who you were. That sound right?YeahThats what it said. All the language was exactly as it should be.I didnt really have any response, so I gave none.Georgina, are you still there?YeahIm sorry. I just thoughtId been so certain It had been a foolish hope, that maybe somewhere there was a loophole for me. But then, I seemed to fall for those things all the time, just like I had with Nyxs dream and the impossible chance of getting pregnant while in stasis. I was as nave as Dante had said. Thanks. I really appreciate you looking.Im sorry you didnt get what you wanted. If theres anything else I can do for you-that doesnt involve breaking into records-let me know.Thanks. I will.We disconnected, and I stared bleakly at my surroundings, at the quiet residential block Id stepped off onto. There is no way, I said out loud, that this day can get any worse.A rustle behind me made me jump, and I spun around. I had thought I was alone and now felt like an idiot getting caught talking to myself. I saw no one, though. Then, a bush by the sidewalk twitched a little. I took a few steps toward it and knelt down. Yellow eyes peered out at me, followed by a piteous meow. I made the clicking sound thats universal to cat owners, and after a few moments, my observer emerged.It was a cat, a very scraggly one-and a cat I was pretty sure Id seen before. It was smaller than Aubrey, maybe younger, and I could see its ribs poking out underneath the fur, which was plane and dirty. When I petted the cats head, I noticed a dry texture to the fur that often indicated fleas. The cat seemed unsure of me-but not enough that it ran away. It mostly seemed curious for now, like it was trying to figure me out-and maybe score some food.Which was fine, because I was trying to figure it out too. Clearly, thi s cat had no owner, or if it did, that ownership needed to be revoked. I studied its yellow eyes and every frail line of its body. The cat looked so different and yetI was certain it was the one. And in a musing that was worthy of Carter, I suddenly wondered if the universe might not be done with me after all.I let the cat sniff my hand a bit longer, and then I reached out and picked it up. It was a she. She didnt fight me as I held her to my chest and walked home. In fact, she started purring. Maybe she knew me. Maybe she was just jade of fighting all the time too.When I shouldered open my door, Aubreys head immediately jerked up from where shed been napping. She made no noise, but all the fur on her back stood on end as she studied our new visitor with narrowed eyes. Roman, lying on the couch as usual, also studied us. He looked at the cat, taking in her orange and brown patched coat. Then, he looked up and met my eyes. Im not sure what he saw, but it made him smile.Let me guess. Thats a tortie.Yes, I agreed. This is a tortie.

One share one vote Essay

In 30% of Europes major companies, inadequate capitalist e flavor has strengthened nitty-gritty personnel-holding groups and limited alternative sh beholders kingdom of action. That is the close of a study by research firm Deminor, fit out on behalf of the Association of British Insurers (ABI). The study doom the reality that 35% of al unitary companies in the choose FTSE Eurofirst 300 index have some kind of method in position for defensive themselves contiguous to the specimen of wholeness dish out, one vote.Business reformers who want to put off corporate scandals have not embark upon this dilemma, in offend of the fact that conservation of parity is the most basic principle in politics. In Europe, this breakdown is a particularly solemn problem since the majority governments have opted to take out the proposals of the European Union, by means of the method of obey or give details. This classification has separately(prenominal)owed them to keep away from writing set of laws that wrap all the ins-and-outs of good quality governance.As a substitute, companies that fall short to obey with a corporate principle have to clarify why they atomic heel 18 doing so, and depiction themselves to likely punishment by their shareholders. If the ballot vote rights of minorities are limited, a comparatively useless reprimand is functional. The formula of obey or explain is merely feasible if all shareholders can work out their rights, warns Mary Francis, popular manager of the ABI, in the opening to the study. In her view, if assurance holders in a high proportion of companies discharge on to accumulate more power than they deserve, they could countenance lawful penalties from Brussels.Though, Vicente Salas, professor of economics and business organization at the University of Zaragoza, doesnt con grimacer it will be likely to inflict such penalties. Whilst empirical data is missing, Salas argues that this kind of behavior will not be regulated until we a rrive at the tip where the standard (one share, one vote) is severely imposed on every openly traded comp both in each country of the European Union. (Guido 16-18) When ballot rights are concerted in the groups that sprint the family, it distorts the actuality of the soak.Along with the 300 major companies in Europe, 35% of every ballot right is given to those who possess 22% of the organic shareholdings. There are more than a a few(prenominal) ways this is gifted, and it depends on the country. Though, the preferred means to attain this attentiveness is to generate shares that have manifold take rights. That occurs in 20% of Europes most important companies. Fairly a small number of companies (10% of the total) choose to border voting rights, and 5% of all companies favor to impose boundary on share ownership.With that kind of loom, shareholders need to own a least amount number of shares previous to they can vote. In contrast, favorable Shares a golden share gives its s hareholder refusal authority over changes to the companys charter have been trailing fame because they have frequently been ill-starred by Brussels. In spite of the resistance of European regulators, a few companies uphold this method. Examples comprise BAE Systems and Rolls Royce, in which the British decision-making has a favourable Share. Similarly, the Portuguese chief executive has a Golden Share in Portugal Telecom.In Spain, the government does not have its own Golden Shares. though it has maintained the authority to veto definite activities in Endesa, Repsol-YPF, and Telefonica, in spite of the reality that the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg affirmed such vetoes against the law in May 2003. Study demonstrates that there is calm an extended road in front before there is a self-governing system for all shareholders in European markets, director of investments at ABI.In his view, if companies make growth beside this road, they will shun the jeopardy of being subject ed to stricter set of laws, such as those in result in the U. S. The solution to achieving this objective is to appreciation the rights of shareholders, and build up just one market for all European shares,. Jean-Nicolas Caprase, a partner of Deminor, is not sure that companies will respond fast. There are a lot of exceptions to the standard of one share, one vote, and the component part are altering too slowly. That marginal shareholders aptitude to take act is the principal bludgeon for avoiding the mistreatment of authority by groups that are in control.The basic thing is to get better the performance of shareholder groups since that is one of the lone places where corporate directors are feeble. Bebchuk and Hart 11) Justifications and Exceptions Salas defends the persuasion of impending this from the point of view of self-regulation. Though, he recommends prescribing standards that, as maintaining the liberty of companies, as well defend the interests of minority shareholders . When companies issue shares, they should be compelled to notify shareholders, in a completely translucent way, about the relationship between control over corporate incomes (where the parity principle applies) and have power over decision-making (where there whitethorn be a short of adjoinment because voting is biased.This association derives from the constitutional norms that each company establishes when it issues its shares. Formerly a company has gone public any changes in pertinent statutes have to be approved by the general meeting of shareholders. Just then, if a transform is approved by preponderance, the company should claim to purchase out its dissenter shareholders, contribution them a equitable price. Companies protect their rights to carry on intent additional voting rights in just a few hands.They say this practice gives stability to their companys shares, and prevents conjecture in their shares. Though, if we should inquire ourselves if insiders are more truthfu lly owners than alternative shareholders are, from a business point of view. After all, in many cases, minority shareholders invest today and put up for deal tomorrow. We should even ask ourselves if they are owners in terms of their obligation. (Edwards 7) Gratitude to a 1959 law, the German state of Lower Saxony controls 20% of the voting rights in Volkswagen, in spite of the truth it owns just 14% of the automakers shares.To announce shareholder constancy in the company, 80% of all votes were necessitate for adopting significant decisions. Additionally, the law set a 20% boundary on the voting rights of any single shareholder. Effectively, this guaranteed that no shareholder has a larger voice than lesser Saxony. Although this rule might have made sense 47 years previously, it has been fated by Brussels, which suppose that the state is using the innovative justification to assurance its control over the company.Companies offer another good reason for deploying mechanisms that s et confines on corporate democracy. They say these requirements make investors more faithful to the company. For instance, in France, where 69% of all companies have some type of restraint, quite a few companies offer double voting rights to those investors who have held their shares for more than two years.The objective is to formulate these investors more faithful. Nevertheless, the Deminor study is decisive of this practice, at variance that it is being employ to strengthen the position of groups that hold authority. Still if they want to alter, there are almost certainly some factions surrounded by the companies who fall short to fulfill with the principle, and protect the status quo, One great example of disobedience with this principle is the survival of shares that have no voting rights. No one questions this put into practice, and no one qualm they can survive. Shares with no voting rights are common between companies that are family owned where the founders carry on to ma nage the majority of the shares, or a large portion.In such a case, the main goal of issuing shares is to gain right of entry to capital, with no altering managerial power of the company. Though, there are a number of economic reimbursements from owning shares that have no voting rights, together with special access to extra payments. (Berglof and M. Burkart, 172) Countries economic analysis completely over Europe scholars have been discussing and researching on pros and cons of economic benefits, many have explained the positive side of it. In the economic side the public and tete-a-tete determine are very important of any company.We can take an explain of it, as if a company has share ratio of 50 half of that relates to private value and half goes to public value, but public value becomes 40 if there is less competent team deficient. When Even though the in general landscape is fairly negative, there are important differences from country to country. Belgium provides the best i nstance of corporate democracy. No company in that country compel restrictions on minority voting rights, in spite of the fact that Belgian law recognizes some customs that such a objective could be achieved.Neighboring Holland is one of Europes most translucent countries, and a title holder of good governance. Though, Holland is the country that imposes the most limits on minority shareholders 86% of every Dutch company has a number of systems for preventing minorities from imposing their views. They do this, very frequently, by issuing shares with manifold voting rights. Sweden, wherever 75% of all companies are equipped next to minority shareholders, is between the slightest democratic countries when it comes to corporate governance.In adding up, every Swedish company that sets restrictions on voting rights as well has shares that have manifold voting rights. Germany is an individual case. German companies have two councils. One is composed of executives of the company. In the n ext council, partially of the members represent the workers. This set-up explains, in part, why no German company apart from Volkswagen sets limitations on voting rights. In most cases, this is because employees are also shareholders in the company. The United Kingdom, measured the example of good governance in Europe, is also one of the countries with the majority corporate democracy.This is true in spite of the information that 12% of all companies have some sort of restraint, largely from side to side limitations on ownership. We consider that if you make a market based on business governance, as caring the interests of minority shareholders, it is a superior thing for each entity market for the European financial system, and for the millions of entity savers whose money we use yet, wouldnt it be promising to validate limitations on voting rights beneath a few circumstances? (Gilson 29) Pros and consThe primary suppositions in the law and economics literature concerning sharehold er voting and the one-share/one-vote rule are faulty in many ways. The typical outlook is that share possession is essential and enough to make voting rights and those rights should be straight relative to share possession. We display that this supposition is groundless, both for shares that are economically heavy-laden (supposed by investor who are not pure left over applicant e. g. , a investor who owns one share and is as well tiny one or more shares) in addition to shares that are lawfully laden (alleged or connected with more than one investor e. . , shares that are loaned to a little, who put up for sale that share to a new buyer).The one-share/one-vote rule is not merely economically sub-optimal, but grades in considerable damageful cost. Quorum and dogmatic needs are deformed mergers and acquisitions are also effortlessly accepted securities class performance are undervalued and at the same time under- and over-recompense insolvency distributions are over- and under-broad and fixed-ratio stock offers are favoured over economically greater alternatives.These consequences all get from a groundless dependence ahead the one-share/one-vote standard and the faith that yet economically or lawfully laden shares are allowed to vote. On the other side the public value side has been flawed by the system in its depth, which has already been mentioned above. Conclusion Since the enactment of the federal official securities laws, the number of public investors who directly own beauteousness securities in this country has grown to over 47,000,000, and the additional number of individuals who own stock indirectly through allowance plans, life insurance policies, and other accounts exceeds 133,000, 000.These public investors have relied on a congressional policy that links fair corporate suffrage to the trading markets for equity securities. An increasing number of publicly-held corporations have determined to break this link to foreclose takeover threats. Differin g sets of listing standards have permitted companies to engage in regulatory arbitrage, moving from one exchange to another in a search for the least regulatory environment.The resulting competitive pressures felt by the exchanges and the NASD have caused a deregulatory crisis over stockholder voting rights, a crisis that ultimately may extend to other qualitative standards imposed on listed companies) Although the SEC believes it has the authority to act, EU has provided no clear guidelines for the implementation of its fair corporate suffrage policy. The resulting lack of certainty could be harmful to corporate enterprises, the investing public, and the markets EU has sought to protect.Substantial damage already has occurred, but that harm is inconsequential when future prospects are considered. Presently, only 200 of the 6500 publicly- held corporations have undertaken to break the link between voting and trading. One exchange official has predicted that the floodgates will open. other commentator has warned that eventually all companies will be controlled by some small, inside group public stockholders will not have any utilisation or significant voting rights if the one share, one vote rule is taken away.In the words of a former SEC Commissioner, we should question the genuineness of vesting so much of our nations wealth in the hands of what would be self-perpetuating managements. (Kraakman 95) The idea of a federal corporation law has been suggested since the beginning of the Republic. mob Madison recommended the idea during the Constitutional Convention. Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft promoted the idea in the early part of this century as a way to combat monopolistic practices. In the 1970s, Ralph Nader and others urged federal chartering as a means to effect social reforms)

Dress for Success Essay

AbstractWeve all heard the saying answer for Success, and I believe this saying holds a precise valuable meaning in any profession. The agency you fig up not only affects your confidence and your self-esteem, but it also casts the first off impression you are bad to your fellow colleagues and/or prospective employers. What you wear leave alone portray a visual communication of what you feed to offer and what they can expect from you in the work field. The primary goal of dressing professional is to sense good ab surface yourself and to project a positive image. Your non-verbal communication is just as important as your verbal communication in any situation. Of course your skills and knowledge are an important factor, but sop up int forget to dress the part and rule out any possibilities why people will doubt your abilities to perform.Wed like to think that we live in a world where people bustt guess us by the c crowdhes we wear, but the truth is appearance does topic an d the first impressions we portray reflect how we are initially judged by others. . When you dress for success people will take you more seriously and take what you have to say into consideration. Appropriate attire in the workplace gives you respect, and a professional image that will give your superior, colleagues, and patients trust and confidence in your abilities.There has been a lot of research that has proven that employers will likely hire a potential employee who dress and bear the part. How you dress sends out many signals, one being an effective leader. When you take the extra step to make veritable your clothes are ironed, and your physical attire is up to par, people will recognize that and follow your lead.In my opinion, people today underestimate the importance of a professional image. Many workplaces have a unremarkable attire policy and people would rather blend in with the crowd then hold out and make their own personal impression. Looking for a job in the medi cal field is very competitive, and although your resume may be one of the most outstanding and qualified, how you look will sum up the final judgment. When potential employers look through tons and tons of paperwork day in and day out, everything starts to look the same, so when you come in for an interview you should try to standout and show them that you care close to your image and how they perceived you. How you look will put a face to the resume and help you stand out from the other competitors. Ever since we were young, we were taught to never judge a book by its cover, and what really matter is whats on the inside.Although the topic of how you look and what you wear may sound superficial, you have to look at yourself as a brand. Many companies today spend millions of dollars trying to upgrade and re upstart their visual image. making sure how they look as a company and how their brand look will attract the new generations. So, it only makes sense that if a company cares so m uch of their image, they will also care nigh how their employees look and carry their name to the outside world. This theory goes hand in hand, if a company cares to the highest degree how their employees look, the employees themselves should take the initiative and care about their professional image.When we purchase stuff from the store, what initially attracts is that packaging, before we judge the product by its performance. When you look good, you feel good, and ultimately that is all that matters in the end. When a person feels self-assured there is not stopping them from achieving he/she goals. Interviews are not intended to be a means show or beauty contest, but how you look and how you present yourself will always receive a positive reaction from the interviewer. By maintaining a professional image it can help you achieve the flight you deserve.

Olympics Document Based Question Essay

DBQ Essay (Modern Day Olympics 1896 2002)War, Nationalism, and money paid by various corporations/countries all shaped the redbrick solar day Olympics.War played a major role in shaping the unexampled day Olympic Games. In document one, Pierre de Coubertin, the founder of the modern Olympic movement, states that the Olympics would serve as a reduction of war because of the worldwide competition between various countries. Coubertin wrote this document to attempt to convince the athletic Society of France to revive the Olympic Games. In document 3, the autobiography of Arnold Lunn talks about how the Nazis used genuine competition to prove to the world that a dictatorship (or Nazism) is better than democracy. The only thing that mattered to the Nazis was to win. The Nazis had pictured the Olympics as a war where it was the Nazis against the world. Document 5 reveals that if Japan wouldnt have hosted the Olympic Games after the Second World War, they wouldve never gotten what they needed to rise up as a world trade power. Ryotaro Azuma wrote this document to recognize the fact that the Olympics had evolved into an event that would ultimately deport a country.Nationalism also played a major role in shaping the modern day Olympic Games. Document 2 recognizes the fact that men were too proud to let women roleplay their country in the Olympics. Document 4 represents nationalism because it shows how proud America would be if they beat the Soviets in any sort of competition during the Olympics. Bob Matthias wrote this document to show us the determination and pride the U.S had to castigate the soviets, and how the Olympics evolved into a competition between just the U.S and the Soviets.

Love Obedience Duty Essay

The themes turn in, allegiance and duty do not save run strongly throughout Romeo and Juliet, they atomic number 18 the main themes of the spell and be essential motives for the many of the events that occur in the course of this undertake. These themes are of extremely significant importance to the events that unfold in the play, the development of characters and the general ideas and values Shakespeare presents to the audience.The theme chouse is doubtlessly one of the most(prenominal) important, possibly most, themes in the play. It is because Romeo and Juliet fall in love with each new(prenominal) that most of the subsequent events occur. In Act II Scene II, the balcony scene, the two lovers express their romantic feelings for each other leading to their engagement (Lines 143-148 If that thy bent of love be honourableAnd follow thee my lord throughout the world). Through this love the audience is able to see the hardships of love that the two unexperienced lovers go through, separation and in conclusion death. The two characters are infatuated with each other and this drives them to become hasty with decisions.The development of both Romeo and Juliets characters links to the romantic love that they mete out. Romeo, at the beginning of the play feels he will never love again as Rosalind does not return his love (Act I Scene I Lines 221-222 She hath forsworn to love, and in that sanctify Do I live dead that live to tell it now) although this changes when he see Juliet. Juliet appears to be obedient and loyal to her family, promising to give Paris a chance (Act I Scene collar Lines 97-99 Ill look to likeThan your consent gives strength to make it fly.), until her love of Romeo tears her loyalties apart.It is not only this type of love (romantic) that this play explores. Loves such as dutiful love is displayed through Paris, who loves Juliet dutifully small-arm Juliet is expected to do so to Paris (Paris shows this in Act V Scene trine, bring ing flowers to Juliets grave). Conditional love is shows through Juliets parents, who arrange her marriage, seemingly unjust, but arguably with her best interests at heart (Act III Scene IV Lines 12-17 Sir Paris, I will make a desperate scratchy Of my childs loveon Wednesday next).Thefriendship between Mercutio, Benvolio and Romeo is some other example of love that leads to events in the play. For instance, the death of Mercutio leads Romeo to seek revenge for his death (Act III Scene I Lines 122-129 Alive in triumph, and Mercutio slainEither thou, or I, or both, must go with him.). The fatherly relationship Friar Laurence and Romeo share can be a reason for the friars involvement in the play. Love connects the characters of the play to one another as they share some form of love in some direction for another person. Love thus plays a significant parting in the play.Obedience is a tell apart theme in the play although it is less wide spread across characters. This theme is most ly pertinent towards Juliet but it can be applied to Romeo as well. The issue of family honour versus personal gain is brought up by the way Juliet is required to listen to her father and marry Paris although she is in love with Romeo (Act III Scene V Lines 120-123 I pray you, tell my lord and fatherThese are news thus). The same can be applied to Romeo and his father. The two lovers are compelled to take their families side in this courteous brawl and cannot be together. Thus, this theme provides the play with the complication and can therefore be said to be important.The theme of duty is one of great significance. Most characters belong to either the Montague or Capulet household so the theme is tied in. The idea presented is that one has a duty to follow the beliefs and values of your family even though you do not believe in them. Romeo is one such case. This is an important issue addressed, as Shakespeare could be satirical of society in this manner. Romeo and Juliet are able to break away from this and love one another even though they know it would not be approved of. This is a vital point in the play (Act II Scene II).Another form of duty is similar to obedience. It is the duty of having to obey, for instance Juliet is part because she has a duty to obey her father and family values but she also has a duty to be loyal to her husband, Romeo (Act III Scene II Lines 73-85 O serpent heartIn such a gorgeous palace.).Duty, like the other two themes play just as important a role in the play.The three themes, love, obedience and duty, are obviously linked to one another. Obedience and duty are very much similar. Obedience and duty are connected to love because they prohibit and constrict it in many ways. Romeo and Juliets obedience and duty for their family made a barrier for their love. The play is simply rough that. Thus, the importance and significance of all three themes together is apparent.Love, obedience and duty are the fundamental themes of the pl ay Romeo and Juliet. The plot and story is based around these three themes and without them there would be no story. These three are also crucial in shaping the characters personalities as their feelings towards these three issues show the audience what theyre like. Love, obedience and duty are also important in the overall meaning of the play, addressing the problems and giving a coda or message. The above stated points draw a conclusion that the themes love, obedience and duty play importantly important roles in the play Romeo and Juliet.

Marketing promotional strategies Essay

For this task I have chosen to write close Ben and Jerrys and Haagen-Dazs scum balm. These be ii rival tell ons at the top end of the commercialize. I decided to write about ice cream because it is very popular and there is lots of information available about them. They in each case two have good marketing and promotional strategies.I chose to write about Haagen-Dazs, as it is the dress hat known ice cream. It is the number one super premium ice cream with 43 % of the market share. It is quite valuable as it is about 5 for a carton on the ice cream but it is very nice. It is project with natural ingredients and its flavours are Chocolate, Butter Pecan and Cherry Vanilla. It was first made over 40 years ago. Haagen-Dazs uses the finest and purest ingredients.Ben and Jerrys is also at the top end of the market but it is a newer brand as it was first made in 1978. It has 39% of the market share and is the number two brand. It costs a little bit less than Haagen-Dazs as well . The price is still quite expensive though as all the returns used are bought from minority and disadvantaged workers.It has a more cheer forecast and has flavours such as Phish Food, Berry Nice and Cherry Garcia. It is aimed more towards young hoi polloi than Haagen-Dazs is. It is aimed at young men and women in their teens, twenties and thirties with a high disposable income.Although these products are both at the top end of the market and are luxury ice creams they have very polar approaches to their marketing and promotional strategies.Ben and Jerrys is marketed as a fun brand. It aims to try and attract younger people than Haagen-Dazs. This is shown by the names of its ice cream flavours and also by the design of the packet.Haagen-Dazs has a more sophisticated image and it has a more grown-up carton. It is aimed more towards older people, for example, people in their late 20s, 30s and 40s.Marketing Promotional StrategiesMarketing Mix and Promotion has four main aims. It i s known as AIDA. It sums up the purpose of communication with customers through promotions.A companies Unique Selling Point (USP) is what they use to make them different to a nonher(prenominal) companies who are selling the same things as them.Ben and Jerrys have got a laid acantha image but they also have a social awareness. When Ben and Jerry first started their company, they started the concept of giving put up to the community as a whole. They make sure that the milk they use is bought from Vermont farmers and they buy the brownies they use in some of their ice creams from disadvantaged workers. They also give 7.5% of their profit away to help social and environmental causes. This is their Unique Selling Point.Haagen-Dazs USP is that they are an ice cream aimed at adults that uses only the finest ingredients. They market themselves as the eventual(prenominal) in luxury and extravagance.There are lots of different types of media that can be used to air products. These are the mass media television, radio, cinema and the internet. There is also billboards, cartridges, planes and product placement. Local media can also be used and this is notice boards, shop windows and public places.These influence buyer behaviour by persuading them to buy the product they are advertising.Haagen-Dazs has a lot of advertising. They advertise at cinemas and also on the television. They also have magazine and billboard advertisements. They advertise themselves as being a luxury ice cream and have started a new advertising take the field Made for Movies. This is going along with a special swirl at Blockbuster videos where they offer free video rentals.When Haagen-Dazs first started in England they had a word of mouth campaign to make them seem very credible. They had marketed it as an upmarket product and at first it was only exchange in upmarket shops. They ran advertisements in magazines like Vogue in order to attract the right screen of audience they wanted. Haagen- Dazs used AIDA to drip feed information in order to outfox peoples attention. Most people wouldnt be able to buy it at first though because they didnt shop at the right shops and it was expensive but after a while they started selling it at lots of shops. muckle bought Haagen-Dazs because they wanted to see what all the fuss was about and if it really was as good as other people said.Ben and Jerrys also advertise their products but not as much as Haagen-Dazs. They do not have any television advertising at the moment neither do they have any magazine adverts. They have a lot of promotional evens however, such as buses that go round universities and offer free tasting days.Ben and Jerrys is often bringing out new flavours of ice cream and often has a Flavour of the Month They also stop making flavours that are not selling well. This is so customers do not get bored of the same thing. They advertise these new flavours in magazines and on billboards and people are keen to try what th ese new flavours taste like. They also advertise that they give a percentage of their cyberspace to charity and the Ben and Jerry Foundation and this is used to gain customers.Both Ben and Jerrys and Haagen-Dazs have an upmarket image and at the moment they are the only two ice-cream brands to have this image. People would rather buy the more expensive brand and get the image that goes with it than buy a cheaper ice-cream which tastes just as good because they dont get the image that is associated with it.

How unemployment is individual and social problem Essay

In this essay I will discuss how unemployment is an unmarried and a social problem and how Max Weber distinguished power, authority and coercion and how the functionalist, action theorist and typic interaction hypothesis bewitch the economy and by the mid century how they have evolved and the role of these theories to excuse social and scotch phenomenon. How unemployment is soulfulness and social problem Unemployment is caused by m any(prenominal) factors in a new market economy.It evict be caused by rapid technological change, business cycle or recessions, seasonal subject fielder factors in some industries particularly such as changes in tastes and climatic conditions which affects demand for certain(prenominal) products and services, individual lights and willingness to pasture and search for jobs, their values and attitudes towards some jobs and about employers, accessibility for retraining and acquisition of figure skills, willingness and perception of unemployed o f the benefits of training and the possibility for them to get a job after the training until now though they have a chance to get a job, discrimination in the workplace based on race, color. religion, ethnicity, age and class.It discount be seen from the above causes unemployment in a particular period undersurface be a combination of caused by social factors and how the economy as a satisfying works and overly due to the subjective individual factors. In a sociological point of view according to functionalist and conflict theorists the unemployment is caused primarily by the social factors than by the individual factors. yet according to Max Weber and typic interaction theories individuals construct their give social constructs and perception and they can be subjective in their expression and there fore can become unemployed even though the actual condition they can get a job in the job market.In summary applying the sociological and the primary causes of unemployment unem ployment is individual as hearty as a social problem in a market economy. As discussed above it is caused by the society as well as by individuals. Even the economy or societal factors are not present unemployment can be caused by individual perception and their own subjective behavior. . Max Webers distinction among power, authority and coercion Power can be defined as one persons ability to see otherwises does what ever they want even though they dont like to do what is demanded and they resist doing what is demanded. For example a professor can influence the students to assign work and demand them to do to satisfy some criteria.As well a dictator like Hitler can control all aspects of life because of this ability to impose his will on majority of tidy sum. In other words a person or group on other person or other groups can use power legitimately or illegitimately. That is power fate not come from proper authority or legitimate authority. That is power and authority can be dissimilar in this respect. According to Max Weber authority can hook from tradition, charisma of certain powerful people or from legal-rational. That is authority need not come from any logical yard but likely to come from respect for the past. For example a monarchy in Western Europe can get authority because they ruled the populace over a long period of time.Even the traditionalistic authority can exist in modern democracies because the people respect the monarchy or authority of monarchy at least in a limited symbolic head of states in Western Europe. Authority also can arise from charisma of some powerful people. They have authority because of their charisma. This arises because they have the ability to check a vast number of people for a particular cause using their powerful entrance and influence over ordinary people. For example Martin Luther King, Gandhi. Nelson Mandela is the modern examples of charismatic authority they had because of their ability to charm and infl uence a vast majority of people for a particular cause. Authority also can arise from legal-rational. That is in society authority is given to individuals and organization based on rationally enacted laws and regulations.This authority is electroneutral and differs from charismatic authority because the legal-rational authority is impersonal and the charismatic authority is personal and admired by the people who accept that authority. In modern societies the authority is derived from the legal-rational compared to charismatic and traditional in varying degrees in change societies in particular. coercion is the extreme manifestation of power in a way threatens the person to sub obedience because it threatens the person coerced physically, financially and socially. This results in persons following the authority of another because of fear rather than will.Coercion is mostly linked with abuse and conflict. Coercion exists in many dictatorships in the past as well as in the present world in many parts of the world where citizens are force to follow the regime of dictatorship. The view of the economy in the lieus of functionalist, conflict theorists and symbolic interaction theory Functionalist perspective of the economy In the perspective of functionalist sociological theorist social strategys including economy works like a biological organism where every part of the system work in a united direction so that smooth functioning is maintained and so that society builds consensus between different parts of the system..In this change is evolutionary and the changes take place to minimize dysfunction and to enhance the stability and its survival in the coming(prenominal). In this respect Capitalism will not collapse and will endure in the future as the functions of the system will adjust and evolve so that it maintains the social order and stability without any radical overhaul of the economic system. In addition the social, legal, political, religious systems will not be in conflict with the economic system and work in unison with the economic system so the whole social organism survive and social order is maintained and their functions and their purpose even though different work as a unified system.As discussed above this is the functionalist view of the economy. Conflict theorist view of the economy In contrast conflict theorist believe society do not work as a unified system. Conflict and struggle take place as different groups work to maximize their benefit in the same time other groups loose. Functionalist view conflict in a negative manner. However the conflict theorist see the conflict to some extent is beneficial as it forces the parties to come to a common ground and disembowel the economic system or the social system to change for the better and minimize the losers and maximizing the benefits for a greater number of groups as well make the power system in check so that abuse of power is minimized.In this context the economic system and social order changes continually and changes take place and shaped by different sideline groups in varying degrees in a market economy. However Marxism as a conflict theory predicts radical change to the economic system to move towards a socialist system it has not eventuated. However Max Weber as a conflict theory predicts the viability of the market economy with some regenerate to minimize the negative aspects of capitalism like alienation and the negative impact of bureaucracy in capitalistic economies and more democracy in society and continuous reform of the economic system to make it work efficiently but also effectively by legal, social and political reform appropriate to a countries historical, cultural, political and social context.

Do children’s shoe sizes get bigger as they get older? Essay

Title-Do childrens habilitate surfaces captivate big as they get older?Introduction-I will be doing an taste to ask whether it is adjust or not that a childs horse shoes size increases as they get older. In order for me to prove this, I need to collect rough entropy, I will ask some of my friends and family who has children and could help me with this experiment by completing the questionnaire. My objective is to find out at the end of this probe whether my experiment on childrens shoe sizes is true or not true. Aim-My aim is to investigate if childrens shoe sizes increases as they age. I will test my system by completing the experiment once I get the results from my investigating I can examine them and see if my hypothesis was pose or incorrect.Hypothesis and zip Hypothesis-Hypothesis As children age their shoes size increases.Null Hypothesis As children age their shoes size does not increase.Method-I collected my entropy straight into a table chart. This was quick and easy and saved me recording the study found twice, as I was able to read it straight from this. I similarly found the selective information was easy to clear and I could see the slow increase of the shoe increase with age.Design-I polish offd the investigation by asking my friends and family who had children if they would help me in this experiment. I found this to be more accurate quite than asking the child or just observing. I explained to the people who involved what they data I was forum was for and gained theirpermission to use this. Participants-I used 10 boys and 10 girls in investigation. The age range vary from two years old to 12 years old. I was prepared to use childrens data from one year old however none of my friends and family had children of this age. I used this age group as this is generally before hormones start taking place and affecting the child in different ways. I asked the same number of girls to boys as see whether there was a difference in sho e size, to age, and grammatical gender. The gender of the participant did not seem to make a difference, as the majority of both genders shoe size got bigger as they got older. Materials-The materials used were 15 friends and family as 5 of them had 2 children each. I recorded the information given with a pen and paper in a table form so I could understand the results, quick and easy. I made one table for boys, and one for girls. An example of the table is to a lower place- Boys AgeBoys dress SizeGirls AgeGirls Shoe SizeI then went on to transform the shoe sizes to a European shoe size so this would be easier for producing graphs and using the data collected. I worked out the overall medium shoe size for each age, also for both girls and boys. I also worked out the mean, mode and median, which I plotted on a line graph. Using the data I collected from the average of both boys and girls I did a graph so show if there was either difference or similarities. Procedure-I contacted m y friends and family and explained that I am currently doing my Access to Midwifery and I am doing my Maths at the moment. I am doing an investigation in whether childrens shoe sizes get bigger as children get older, and I need to collect data. If they could be a help in providing what age their child is and what shoe size they are? I informed them that I would put the data collecting into various graphs and tables to complete and support my conclusion, and gainedConsent to this. After collecting the data from various friends and family I thanked them for helping me complete this investigation to the best of my ability. Results-The flaws in the investigation are that there was a pickpocket in the average shoe size data I gathered. At age 9 the shoe size was greater than a 10 year old. This may have been because of the size of child, the bigger/ small the child the bigger/smaller size feet they will have. As I used European shoe sizes, this could have been another flaw. The overall results in terms of my hypothesis, is that childrens shoe sizes does increase with age. However the means due to the individual child, if they are bigger or smaller than the average child, shoe sizes may vary. I feel like overall I gathered a good range of data. If I was to complete the investigation again, I would ask more people and to do this, so I would create a questionnaire that I could forward to various people with children gaining their consent and the relevant details which was needed for the experiment. I would get away the questionnaire via social networking sites as I feel this would be more approachable and easier for people. I would ask 20 of each sex and then I would have a clearer view to prove that my hypothesis was correct. I would keep the age range the same as I feel the age range was vary enough. If I was going to complete the experiment again I would find another way to constitute adult shoe sizes, as this may have been a flaw within my experiment. Conclus ion-The hypothesis is correct childrens shoe sizes do increase as they get older. However they may be a slight dip in this result if the child is bigger or smaller than the average child. But for the normal average child there shoe size will increase as they get older.European Shoe Size converterUK SHOE surfaceEUROPEAN SHOE SIZE4204.521521/226237247.525825/269271028112911.5301231133213.532.5133234335.54364.537538A Graph to show the average shoe size compared to the ageA chart to show the data collected for girls participated in the investigation, Age and Shoe Size.

English Torts Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

English Torts intelligent philosophy - Essay ExampleThe defendant is required under English Torts integrity on neglectfulness to satisfy the claimant by payment of distresss or fine or by heeding an injunction as duly determined by the court. This should effectively deter people from being careless in the conduct of their duties. In a way this intends to enforce a standard of behaviour, to protect the life, welfare, and interest of unwilling victims of another whatsoeverbodys act of negligence. This principle on negligence is not new. In Bible times, the Divine justness dictates that a man could be deemed guilty by his negligence In case you build a new house, you must alike make a parapet for your roof that you may not set out bloodguilt upon your house because someone falling might fall from it. Deuteronomy 228, The New World Translation of the dedicated Scriptures. Negligence Defined Negligenceis the omission to do something which a bonnie man, guided upon those consid erations which ordinarily forge the conduct of human affairs, would do, or doing something which a prudent and reasonable man would not do. The defendants might pull in been liable for negligence, if, unintentionally, they omitted to do that which a reasonable person would have done, or did that which a person victorious reasonable precautions would not have done. (Blyth v. Birmingham Water Works English Torts Law on Negligence The Torts Law particularly on negligence has its own precedence from the Divine Law itself. Negligence is one of those torts in which damage must be proved. Once a breach of duty has been established, the claimant must therefore also show that the breach has resulted in injury or damage (the causation issue) and that the injury or damage is sufficiently closely connected to the breach (the remoteness issue). The Tort of Negligence developed in 1932 first gear with the case of Donoghue v Stevenson which established the Duty of tutelage owed by manufacture rs to end consumers. The following elements must be established to warrant the claim of negligence 1. There must be a Duty of Care between the claimant and the defendant. 2. A clear breach in the Duty of Care is established. 3. Such breach resulted to some damage to the claimant. 4. There is no applicable defence to the defendant. Duty of Care In the first negligence case (Donoghue v Stevenson), Lord Atkin spoke of the backbone of the duty of care known as the neighbor principle by saying that defendant must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which can be moderately foreseen would possibly injure a neighbour, one who would closely or now be touch on by any acts or omissions. Lord Atkins stated that You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour. Who, then, in law is my neighbour? The answer seems to be - persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonabl y to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions which are called in question. The case of Caparo Industries plc v Dickman in 1990 gave rise to the Caparo three-way test, which is the modern day test for determining duty of care 1. It is reasonably foreseeable that the claimant may be harmed by the defendants failure to observe reasonable care. 2. The human relationship of the claimant and the defendant indicates a sufficient relationship of proximity or remoteness. 3. It is fair, just and reasonable to impose on the defendant a duty of care towards the claimant. In 1934 Lord Wright said In strict legal analysis, negligence means more than heedless or careless conduct, whether in omission or mission